diff --git a/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD b/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD
index 26df167c4..2f06fe1d5 100644
--- a/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD
+++ b/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD
@@ -368,10 +368,11 @@ cc_library(
         ],
     }),
     deps = [
-        ":gpu_buffer",
+        ":gpu_buffer_format",
         ":pixel_buffer_pool_util",
         "//mediapipe/framework/port:logging",
         "//mediapipe/objc:CFHolder",
+        "//mediapipe/objc:util",
         "@com_google_absl//absl/synchronization",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.cc b/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.cc
index 3293b0238..c97268307 100644
--- a/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "CoreFoundation/CFBase.h"
 #include "mediapipe/framework/port/logging.h"
 #include "mediapipe/objc/CFHolder.h"
+#include "mediapipe/objc/util.h"
 
 namespace mediapipe {
 
@@ -32,7 +33,8 @@ CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper(int width, int height,
       CreateCVPixelBufferPool(width, height, cv_format, 0, maxAge));
 }
 
-GpuBuffer CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::GetBuffer(std::function<void(void)> flush) {
+CFHolder<CVPixelBufferRef> CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::GetBuffer(
+    std::function<void(void)> flush) {
   CVPixelBufferRef buffer;
   int threshold = 1;
   NSMutableDictionary* auxAttributes =
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ GpuBuffer CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::GetBuffer(std::function<void(void)> flush) {
   }
   CHECK(!err) << "Error creating pixel buffer: " << err;
   count_ = threshold;
-  return GpuBuffer(MakeCFHolderAdopting(buffer));
+  return MakeCFHolderAdopting(buffer);
 }
 
 std::string CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::GetDebugString() const {
@@ -68,4 +70,15 @@ std::string CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::GetDebugString() const {
 
 void CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::Flush() { CVPixelBufferPoolFlush(*pool_, 0); }
 
+CFHolder<CVPixelBufferRef> CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper::CreateBufferWithoutPool(
+    int width, int height, GpuBufferFormat format) {
+  OSType cv_format = CVPixelFormatForGpuBufferFormat(format);
+  CHECK_NE(cv_format, -1) << "unsupported pixel format";
+  CVPixelBufferRef buffer;
+  CVReturn err =
+      CreateCVPixelBufferWithoutPool(width, height, cv_format, &buffer);
+  CHECK(!err) << "Error creating pixel buffer: " << err;
+  return MakeCFHolderAdopting(buffer);
+}
+
 }  // namespace mediapipe
diff --git a/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.h b/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.h
index 081df4676..7412b776f 100644
--- a/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.h
+++ b/mediapipe/gpu/cv_pixel_buffer_pool_wrapper.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #define MEDIAPIPE_GPU_CV_PIXEL_BUFFER_POOL_WRAPPER_H_
 
 #include "CoreFoundation/CFBase.h"
-#include "mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer.h"
+#include "mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_format.h"
 #include "mediapipe/gpu/pixel_buffer_pool_util.h"
 #include "mediapipe/objc/CFHolder.h"
 
@@ -33,13 +33,16 @@ class CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper {
  public:
   CvPixelBufferPoolWrapper(int width, int height, GpuBufferFormat format,
                            CFTimeInterval maxAge);
-  GpuBuffer GetBuffer(std::function<void(void)> flush);
+  CFHolder<CVPixelBufferRef> GetBuffer(std::function<void(void)> flush);
 
   int GetBufferCount() const { return count_; }
   std::string GetDebugString() const;
 
   void Flush();
 
+  static CFHolder<CVPixelBufferRef> CreateBufferWithoutPool(
+      int width, int height, GpuBufferFormat format);
+
  private:
   CFHolder<CVPixelBufferPoolRef> pool_;
   int count_ = 0;
diff --git a/mediapipe/gpu/gl_texture_buffer_pool.h b/mediapipe/gpu/gl_texture_buffer_pool.h
index 4dcad305e..cd755b4aa 100644
--- a/mediapipe/gpu/gl_texture_buffer_pool.h
+++ b/mediapipe/gpu/gl_texture_buffer_pool.h
@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ class GlTextureBufferPool
   // This method is meant for testing.
   std::pair<int, int> GetInUseAndAvailableCounts();
 
+  static GlTextureBufferSharedPtr CreateBufferWithoutPool(
+      int width, int height, GpuBufferFormat format) {
+    return GlTextureBuffer::Create(width, height, format);
+  }
+
  private:
   GlTextureBufferPool(int width, int height, GpuBufferFormat format,
                       int keep_count);
diff --git a/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_multi_pool.cc b/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_multi_pool.cc
index 1909d116e..fdff3e692 100644
--- a/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_multi_pool.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_multi_pool.cc
@@ -51,19 +51,9 @@ GpuBufferMultiPool::MakeSimplePool(const GpuBufferMultiPool::BufferSpec& spec) {
       spec.width, spec.height, spec.format, kMaxInactiveBufferAge);
 }
 
-GpuBuffer GpuBufferMultiPool::GetBufferWithoutPool(const BufferSpec& spec) {
-  OSType cv_format = CVPixelFormatForGpuBufferFormat(spec.format);
-  CHECK_NE(cv_format, -1) << "unsupported pixel format";
-  CVPixelBufferRef buffer;
-  CVReturn err = CreateCVPixelBufferWithoutPool(spec.width, spec.height,
-                                                cv_format, &buffer);
-  CHECK(!err) << "Error creating pixel buffer: " << err;
-  return GpuBuffer(MakeCFHolderAdopting(buffer));
-}
-
 GpuBuffer GpuBufferMultiPool::GetBufferFromSimplePool(
     BufferSpec spec, GpuBufferMultiPool::SimplePool& pool) {
-  return pool.GetBuffer(flush_platform_caches_);
+  return GpuBuffer(pool.GetBuffer(flush_platform_caches_));
 }
 
 #else
@@ -74,11 +64,6 @@ GpuBufferMultiPool::MakeSimplePool(const BufferSpec& spec) {
                                      kKeepCount);
 }
 
-GpuBuffer GpuBufferMultiPool::GetBufferWithoutPool(const BufferSpec& spec) {
-  return GpuBuffer(
-      GlTextureBuffer::Create(spec.width, spec.height, spec.format));
-}
-
 GpuBuffer GpuBufferMultiPool::GetBufferFromSimplePool(
     BufferSpec spec, GpuBufferMultiPool::SimplePool& pool) {
   return GpuBuffer(pool.GetBuffer());
@@ -117,4 +102,9 @@ GpuBuffer GpuBufferMultiPool::GetBuffer(int width, int height,
   }
 }
 
+GpuBuffer GpuBufferMultiPool::GetBufferWithoutPool(const BufferSpec& spec) {
+  return GpuBuffer(SimplePool::CreateBufferWithoutPool(spec.width, spec.height,
+                                                       spec.format));
+}
+
 }  // namespace mediapipe