diff --git a/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD b/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD
index f39b8d3f7..b75c824b3 100644
--- a/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD
+++ b/mediapipe/gpu/BUILD
@@ -516,7 +516,6 @@ cc_library(
         ":gpu_buffer_storage",
         ":image_frame_view",
         "//mediapipe/framework/formats:image_frame",
-        "//mediapipe/framework/port:ret_check",
         "@com_google_absl//absl/strings:str_format",
     ],
 )
@@ -1224,13 +1223,9 @@ mediapipe_cc_test(
     ],
     requires_full_emulation = True,
     deps = [
-        ":gl_texture_buffer",
-        ":gl_texture_util",
         ":gpu_buffer_format",
         ":gpu_buffer_storage_ahwb",
-        ":gpu_test_base",
         "//mediapipe/framework/port:gtest_main",
-        "//mediapipe/framework/tool:test_util",
     ],
 )
 
diff --git a/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_format.cc b/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_format.cc
index 510a9cd48..b099f4a25 100644
--- a/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_format.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/gpu/gpu_buffer_format.cc
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ ImageFormat::Format ImageFormatForGpuBufferFormat(GpuBufferFormat format) {
     case GpuBufferFormat::kRGBAFloat128:
       return ImageFormat::VEC32F4;
     case GpuBufferFormat::kRGBA32:
-      return ImageFormat::SRGBA;
+      // TODO: this likely maps to ImageFormat::SRGBA
     case GpuBufferFormat::kGrayHalf16:
     case GpuBufferFormat::kOneComponent8Alpha:
     case GpuBufferFormat::kOneComponent8Red:
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options.h b/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options.h
index 78d89ce8c..bbfd3ef7e 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options.h
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options.h
@@ -22,9 +22,12 @@ extern "C" {
 
 // Base options for MediaPipe C Tasks.
 struct BaseOptions {
-  // The model asset file contents as a string.
+  // The model asset file contents as bytes.
   const char* model_asset_buffer;
 
+  // The size of the model assets buffer (or `0` if not set).
+  const unsigned int model_asset_buffer_count;
+
   // The path to the model asset to open and mmap in memory.
   const char* model_asset_path;
 };
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter.cc b/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter.cc
index 3f126168b..07a9e81d0 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ void CppConvertToBaseOptions(const BaseOptions& in,
                              mediapipe::tasks::core::BaseOptions* out) {
   out->model_asset_buffer =
       in.model_asset_buffer
-          ? std::make_unique<std::string>(in.model_asset_buffer)
+          ? std::make_unique<std::string>(
+                in.model_asset_buffer,
+                in.model_asset_buffer + in.model_asset_buffer_count)
           : nullptr;
   out->model_asset_path =
       in.model_asset_path ? std::string(in.model_asset_path) : "";
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter_test.cc b/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter_test.cc
index 27c7fb3ec..37ab90f94 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter_test.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter_test.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ limitations under the License.
 
 #include "mediapipe/tasks/c/core/base_options_converter.h"
 
+#include <cstring>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "mediapipe/framework/port/gtest.h"
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@ constexpr char kModelAssetPath[] = "abc.tflite";
 
 TEST(BaseOptionsConverterTest, ConvertsBaseOptionsAssetBuffer) {
   BaseOptions c_base_options = {/* model_asset_buffer= */ kAssetBuffer,
+                                /* model_asset_buffer_count= */
+                                static_cast<unsigned int>(strlen(kAssetBuffer)),
                                 /* model_asset_path= */ nullptr};
 
   mediapipe::tasks::core::BaseOptions cpp_base_options = {};
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ TEST(BaseOptionsConverterTest, ConvertsBaseOptionsAssetBuffer) {
 
 TEST(BaseOptionsConverterTest, ConvertsBaseOptionsAssetPath) {
   BaseOptions c_base_options = {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                                /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                                 /* model_asset_path= */ kModelAssetPath};
 
   mediapipe::tasks::core::BaseOptions cpp_base_options = {};
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector.h b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector.h
index f1c85069f..a7f2159b6 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector.h
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector.h
@@ -60,18 +60,18 @@ struct LanguageDetectorOptions {
 // Creates a LanguageDetector from the provided `options`.
 // Returns a pointer to the language detector on success.
 // If an error occurs, returns `nullptr` and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT void* language_detector_create(
-    struct LanguageDetectorOptions* options, char** error_msg = nullptr);
+    struct LanguageDetectorOptions* options, char** error_msg);
 
 // Performs language detection on the input `text`. Returns `0` on success.
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT int language_detector_detect(void* detector, const char* utf8_str,
                                        LanguageDetectorResult* result,
-                                       char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                       char** error_msg);
 
 // Frees the memory allocated inside a LanguageDetectorResult result. Does not
 // free the result pointer itself.
@@ -79,10 +79,9 @@ MP_EXPORT void language_detector_close_result(LanguageDetectorResult* result);
 
 // Shuts down the LanguageDetector when all the work is done. Frees all memory.
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
-MP_EXPORT int language_detector_close(void* detector,
-                                      char** error_msg = nullptr);
+MP_EXPORT int language_detector_close(void* detector, char** error_msg);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }  // extern C
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector_test.cc b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector_test.cc
index b8653e616..47770986f 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector_test.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/language_detector/language_detector_test.cc
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ TEST(LanguageDetectorTest, SmokeTest) {
   std::string model_path = GetFullPath(kTestLanguageDetectorModelPath);
   LanguageDetectorOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ model_path.c_str()},
       /* classifier_options= */
       {/* display_names_locale= */ nullptr,
@@ -55,22 +56,24 @@ TEST(LanguageDetectorTest, SmokeTest) {
        /* category_denylist_count= */ 0},
   };
 
-  void* detector = language_detector_create(&options);
+  void* detector = language_detector_create(&options, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_NE(detector, nullptr);
 
   LanguageDetectorResult result;
-  language_detector_detect(detector, kTestString, &result);
+  language_detector_detect(detector, kTestString, &result,
+                           /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string(result.predictions[0].language_code), "fr");
   EXPECT_NEAR(result.predictions[0].probability, 0.999781, kPrecision);
 
   language_detector_close_result(&result);
-  language_detector_close(detector);
+  language_detector_close(detector, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(LanguageDetectorTest, ErrorHandling) {
   // It is an error to set neither the asset buffer nor the path.
   LanguageDetectorOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ nullptr},
       /* classifier_options= */ {},
   };
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier.h b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier.h
index 057b00f99..55b4bc710 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier.h
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier.h
@@ -44,18 +44,18 @@ struct TextClassifierOptions {
 // Creates a TextClassifier from the provided `options`.
 // Returns a pointer to the text classifier on success.
 // If an error occurs, returns `nullptr` and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT void* text_classifier_create(struct TextClassifierOptions* options,
-                                       char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                       char** error_msg);
 
 // Performs classification on the input `text`. Returns `0` on success.
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT int text_classifier_classify(void* classifier, const char* utf8_str,
                                        TextClassifierResult* result,
-                                       char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                       char** error_msg);
 
 // Frees the memory allocated inside a TextClassifierResult result. Does not
 // free the result pointer itself.
@@ -63,10 +63,9 @@ MP_EXPORT void text_classifier_close_result(TextClassifierResult* result);
 
 // Shuts down the TextClassifier when all the work is done. Frees all memory.
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
-MP_EXPORT int text_classifier_close(void* classifier,
-                                    char** error_msg = nullptr);
+MP_EXPORT int text_classifier_close(void* classifier, char** error_msg);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }  // extern C
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier_test.cc b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier_test.cc
index 51232d63a..1dd3f6910 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier_test.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_classifier/text_classifier_test.cc
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ TEST(TextClassifierTest, SmokeTest) {
   std::string model_path = GetFullPath(kTestBertModelPath);
   TextClassifierOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ model_path.c_str()},
       /* classifier_options= */
       {/* display_names_locale= */ nullptr,
@@ -54,11 +55,12 @@ TEST(TextClassifierTest, SmokeTest) {
        /* category_denylist_count= */ 0},
   };
 
-  void* classifier = text_classifier_create(&options);
+  void* classifier = text_classifier_create(&options, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_NE(classifier, nullptr);
 
   TextClassifierResult result;
-  text_classifier_classify(classifier, kTestString, &result);
+  text_classifier_classify(classifier, kTestString, &result,
+                           /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_EQ(result.classifications_count, 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(result.classifications[0].categories_count, 2);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string{result.classifications[0].categories[0].category_name},
@@ -67,13 +69,14 @@ TEST(TextClassifierTest, SmokeTest) {
               kPrecision);
 
   text_classifier_close_result(&result);
-  text_classifier_close(classifier);
+  text_classifier_close(classifier, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(TextClassifierTest, ErrorHandling) {
   // It is an error to set neither the asset buffer nor the path.
   TextClassifierOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ nullptr},
       /* classifier_options= */ {},
   };
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder.h b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder.h
index 7fee3c737..61a24044e 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder.h
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder.h
@@ -47,15 +47,14 @@ struct TextEmbedderOptions {
 // an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT void* text_embedder_create(struct TextEmbedderOptions* options,
-                                     char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                     char** error_msg);
 
 // Performs embedding extraction on the input `text`. Returns `0` on success.
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
 // an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT int text_embedder_embed(void* embedder, const char* utf8_str,
-                                  TextEmbedderResult* result,
-                                  char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                  TextEmbedderResult* result, char** error_msg);
 
 // Frees the memory allocated inside a TextEmbedderResult result. Does not
 // free the result pointer itself.
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ MP_EXPORT void text_embedder_close_result(TextEmbedderResult* result);
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
 // an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
-MP_EXPORT int text_embedder_close(void* embedder, char** error_msg = nullptr);
+MP_EXPORT int text_embedder_close(void* embedder, char** error_msg);
 
 // Utility function to compute cosine similarity [1] between two embeddings.
 // May return an InvalidArgumentError if e.g. the embeddings are of different
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder_test.cc b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder_test.cc
index c6b19d9f5..c4461df83 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder_test.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/text/text_embedder/text_embedder_test.cc
@@ -47,21 +47,22 @@ TEST(TextEmbedderTest, SmokeTest) {
   std::string model_path = GetFullPath(kTestBertModelPath);
   TextEmbedderOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ model_path.c_str()},
       /* embedder_options= */
       {/* l2_normalize= */ false, /* quantize= */ true},
   };
 
-  void* embedder = text_embedder_create(&options);
+  void* embedder = text_embedder_create(&options, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_NE(embedder, nullptr);
 
   TextEmbedderResult result;
-  text_embedder_embed(embedder, kTestString0, &result);
+  text_embedder_embed(embedder, kTestString0, &result, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_EQ(result.embeddings_count, 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(result.embeddings[0].values_count, 512);
 
   text_embedder_close_result(&result);
-  text_embedder_close(embedder);
+  text_embedder_close(embedder, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(TextEmbedderTest, SucceedsWithCosineSimilarity) {
@@ -78,9 +79,9 @@ TEST(TextEmbedderTest, SucceedsWithCosineSimilarity) {
 
   // Extract both embeddings.
   TextEmbedderResult result0;
-  text_embedder_embed(embedder, kTestString0, &result0);
+  text_embedder_embed(embedder, kTestString0, &result0, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   TextEmbedderResult result1;
-  text_embedder_embed(embedder, kTestString1, &result1);
+  text_embedder_embed(embedder, kTestString1, &result1, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 
   // Check cosine similarity.
   double similarity;
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ TEST(TextEmbedderTest, ErrorHandling) {
   // It is an error to set neither the asset buffer nor the path.
   TextEmbedderOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ nullptr},
       /* embedder_options= */ {},
   };
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/BUILD b/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/BUILD
index e8ac090e9..a2c7ca290 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/BUILD
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/BUILD
@@ -55,11 +55,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":image_classifier_lib",
         "//mediapipe/framework/deps:file_path",
         "//mediapipe/framework/formats:image",
-        "//mediapipe/framework/formats:image_frame",
-        "//mediapipe/framework/formats:image_frame_opencv",
         "//mediapipe/framework/port:gtest",
-        "//mediapipe/framework/port:opencv_core",
-        "//mediapipe/framework/port:opencv_imgproc",
         "//mediapipe/tasks/c/components/containers:category",
         "//mediapipe/tasks/cc/vision/utils:image_utils",
         "@com_google_absl//absl/flags:flag",
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier.h b/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier.h
index 549c3f300..51316bcbe 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier.h
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier.h
@@ -108,30 +108,30 @@ struct ImageClassifierOptions {
 // Creates an ImageClassifier from provided `options`.
 // Returns a pointer to the image classifier on success.
 // If an error occurs, returns `nullptr` and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT void* image_classifier_create(struct ImageClassifierOptions* options,
-                                        char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                        char** error_msg);
 
 // Performs image classification on the input `image`. Returns `0` on success.
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
 MP_EXPORT int image_classifier_classify_image(void* classifier,
                                               const MpImage* image,
                                               ImageClassifierResult* result,
-                                              char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                              char** error_msg);
 
 MP_EXPORT int image_classifier_classify_for_video(void* classifier,
                                                   const MpImage* image,
                                                   int64_t timestamp_ms,
                                                   ImageClassifierResult* result,
-                                                  char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                                  char** error_msg);
 
 MP_EXPORT int image_classifier_classify_async(void* classifier,
                                               const MpImage* image,
                                               int64_t timestamp_ms,
-                                              char** error_msg = nullptr);
+                                              char** error_msg);
 
 // Frees the memory allocated inside a ImageClassifierResult result.
 // Does not free the result pointer itself.
@@ -139,10 +139,9 @@ MP_EXPORT void image_classifier_close_result(ImageClassifierResult* result);
 
 // Frees image classifier.
 // If an error occurs, returns an error code and sets the error parameter to an
-// an error message (if `error_msg` is not nullptr). You must free the memory
+// an error message (if `error_msg` is not `nullptr`). You must free the memory
 // allocated for the error message.
-MP_EXPORT int image_classifier_close(void* classifier,
-                                     char** error_msg = nullptr);
+MP_EXPORT int image_classifier_close(void* classifier, char** error_msg);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }  // extern C
diff --git a/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier_test.cc b/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier_test.cc
index 790f5ce36..22a716dfd 100644
--- a/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier_test.cc
+++ b/mediapipe/tasks/c/vision/image_classifier/image_classifier_test.cc
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, ImageModeTest) {
   const std::string model_path = GetFullPath(kModelName);
   ImageClassifierOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ model_path.c_str()},
       /* running_mode= */ RunningMode::IMAGE,
       /* classifier_options= */
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, ImageModeTest) {
        /* category_denylist_count= */ 0},
   };
 
-  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options);
+  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_NE(classifier, nullptr);
 
   const auto& image_frame = image->GetImageFrameSharedPtr();
@@ -74,7 +75,8 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, ImageModeTest) {
                       .height = image_frame->Height()}};
 
   ImageClassifierResult result;
-  image_classifier_classify_image(classifier, &mp_image, &result);
+  image_classifier_classify_image(classifier, &mp_image, &result,
+                                  /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_EQ(result.classifications_count, 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(result.classifications[0].categories_count, 1001);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string{result.classifications[0].categories[0].category_name},
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, ImageModeTest) {
   EXPECT_NEAR(result.classifications[0].categories[0].score, 0.7939f,
               kPrecision);
   image_classifier_close_result(&result);
-  image_classifier_close(classifier);
+  image_classifier_close(classifier, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(ImageClassifierTest, VideoModeTest) {
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, VideoModeTest) {
   const std::string model_path = GetFullPath(kModelName);
   ImageClassifierOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ model_path.c_str()},
       /* running_mode= */ RunningMode::VIDEO,
       /* classifier_options= */
@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, VideoModeTest) {
       /* result_callback= */ nullptr,
   };
 
-  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options);
+  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_NE(classifier, nullptr);
 
   const auto& image_frame = image->GetImageFrameSharedPtr();
@@ -118,7 +121,8 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, VideoModeTest) {
 
   for (int i = 0; i < kIterations; ++i) {
     ImageClassifierResult result;
-    image_classifier_classify_for_video(classifier, &mp_image, i, &result);
+    image_classifier_classify_for_video(classifier, &mp_image, i, &result,
+                                        /* error_msg */ nullptr);
     EXPECT_EQ(result.classifications_count, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(result.classifications[0].categories_count, 3);
     EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, VideoModeTest) {
                 kPrecision);
     image_classifier_close_result(&result);
   }
-  image_classifier_close(classifier);
+  image_classifier_close(classifier, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 }
 
 // A structure to support LiveStreamModeTest below. This structure holds a
@@ -164,6 +168,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, LiveStreamModeTest) {
 
   ImageClassifierOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ model_path.c_str()},
       /* running_mode= */ RunningMode::LIVE_STREAM,
       /* classifier_options= */
@@ -177,7 +182,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, LiveStreamModeTest) {
       /* result_callback= */ LiveStreamModeCallback::Fn,
   };
 
-  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options);
+  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_NE(classifier, nullptr);
 
   const auto& image_frame = image->GetImageFrameSharedPtr();
@@ -189,9 +194,11 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, LiveStreamModeTest) {
                       .height = image_frame->Height()}};
 
   for (int i = 0; i < kIterations; ++i) {
-    EXPECT_GE(image_classifier_classify_async(classifier, &mp_image, i), 0);
+    EXPECT_GE(image_classifier_classify_async(classifier, &mp_image, i,
+                                              /* error_msg */ nullptr),
+              0);
   }
-  image_classifier_close(classifier);
+  image_classifier_close(classifier, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 
   // Due to the flow limiter, the total of outputs might be smaller than the
   // number of iterations.
@@ -203,6 +210,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, InvalidArgumentHandling) {
   // It is an error to set neither the asset buffer nor the path.
   ImageClassifierOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ nullptr},
       /* classifier_options= */ {},
   };
@@ -220,6 +228,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, FailedClassificationHandling) {
   const std::string model_path = GetFullPath(kModelName);
   ImageClassifierOptions options = {
       /* base_options= */ {/* model_asset_buffer= */ nullptr,
+                           /* model_asset_buffer_count= */ 0,
                            /* model_asset_path= */ model_path.c_str()},
       /* running_mode= */ RunningMode::IMAGE,
       /* classifier_options= */
@@ -232,7 +241,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, FailedClassificationHandling) {
        /* category_denylist_count= */ 0},
   };
 
-  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options);
+  void* classifier = image_classifier_create(&options, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
   EXPECT_NE(classifier, nullptr);
 
   const MpImage mp_image = {.type = MpImage::GPU_BUFFER, .gpu_buffer = {}};
@@ -241,7 +250,7 @@ TEST(ImageClassifierTest, FailedClassificationHandling) {
   image_classifier_classify_image(classifier, &mp_image, &result, &error_msg);
   EXPECT_THAT(error_msg, HasSubstr("GPU Buffer not supported yet"));
   free(error_msg);
-  image_classifier_close(classifier);
+  image_classifier_close(classifier, /* error_msg */ nullptr);
 }
 
 }  // namespace